Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• microneedles may become personalized according to a patient’s demographic in order to increase drug delivery efficiency and reduce healing times for patient-centric care. Keywords: 3D printing; microfabrication; microneedles; personalized medicine; transdermal drug delivery; two-photon polymerization

• that can overcome these challenges [27]. Specifically, light-based 3D printing techniques such as stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and two-photon polymerization (2PP) simplify the rapid prototyping workflow when compared to traditional micro- and nanofabrication methods [28][29

• with varying heights were printed via two-photon polymerization on a “Quantum X shape” lithography system, and the 10 × 10 microneedle array was printed in 130 min. The scale bar is 1 mm in both images. (A) Scanning electron microscopy image of microcones. (B) Optical microscopy image of transparent

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• photopolymerization of photosensitive polymers, but in this case each layer of the polymer is projected as whole [152]. A more complicated method is two‑photon polymerization (TPP), which uses a near-infrared beam instead of UV radiation. TPP initiates the polymerization of the resin by multiphoton absorption [153

Analytical and numerical design of a hybrid Fabry–Perot plano-concave microcavity for hexagonal boron nitride

• Felipe Ortiz-Huerta and
• Karina Garay-Palmett

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1030–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.90

• (e.g., quantum dots [12], molecules [13]) by a process known as two-photon polymerization (2PP) [14] where a photopolymer resist is illuminated with a focused laser at 780 nm and absorbs two photons simultaneously, which triggers a corresponding chemical reaction that solidifies the material to build

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• master MN arrays (9 × 9) were fabricated using two-photon polymerization (TPP). A previous gap in the detailed characterization of the embossing process was investigated, showing an average of 4.99 ± 0.35% longitudinal shrinkage and 2.15 ± 0.96% lateral enlargement in the molded MN replicas. The effects

• setting. Keywords: hot embossing; microneedles; penetration efficiency; thermoplastic polymers; two-photon polymerization; Introduction During the past two decades, MN devices have become a promising tool for transdermal drug delivery, vaccination, and point-of-care diagnostics [1][2]. MNs are a

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• methods has been constrained by the limitations and high cost of microfabrication technology. Additive manufacturing processes such as 3D printing and two-photon polymerization fabrication are promising transformative technologies developed in recent years. The present article provides an overview of

• microelectromechanical systems. Alternative manufacturing processes, such as 3D printing and two-photon polymerization (TPP), are promising new transformative technologies developed in recent years. These additive manufacturing methods use layer-by-layer processing to create 3D structures. Unlike other microfabrication

• injection moulding [61], wet chemical etching [75], reactive ion etching [2][76], hot embossing [4][5], laser drilling [77], lithography plus electroforming [78][79], drawing lithography [80][81], two-photon polymerization [5][82], and 3D printing [83][84]. To date, DRIE of silicon; micromoulding

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• advantage of optical superresolution, with which it is possible to go below the light diffraction limit, to perform photolithography with nanometer resolution. For example, using nano-antennas it was possible, by two-photon polymerization, to produce photoresist nanodots with diameters below 30 nm [64]. In

Hole-mask colloidal nanolithography combined with tilted-angle-rotation evaporation: A versatile method for fabrication of low-cost and large-area complex plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials

• Jun Zhao,
• Bettina Frank,
• Frank Neubrech,
• Chunjie Zhang,
• Paul V. Braun and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 577–586, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.68

• new large-area mask for each separate pattern. Such masks are usually prepared by electron-beam lithography. Direct laser writing by two-photon polymerization is a promising approach, since it allows for more flexibility and large areas, as well as for chiral structures [16][17][18]. However, this